List of Contributors xxi
Preface to Second Edition xxix
Preface First Edition xxxi
1 Chemistry of Reactive Species 1
Frederick A. Villamena
1.1 Redox Chemistry, 1
1.2 Classification of Reactive Species, 2
1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species, 4
1.4 Reactive Nitrogen Species, 15
1.5 Reactive Sulfur and Chlorine Species, 18
1.6 Reactivity, 23
1.7 Origins of Reactive Species, 27
1.8 Methods of Detection, 32
2 Lipid Peroxidation and Nitration 49
Sean S. Davies and Lilu Guo
2.1 Peroxidation of PUFAs, 49
2.2 Cyclic Endoperoxides and Their Products, 52
2.3 Fragmented Products of Lipid Peroxidation, 58
2.4 Epoxy Fatty Acids, 62
2.5 Lipid Nitrosylation, 62
3 Protein Posttranslational Modification 71
James L. Hougland, Joseph Darling, and Susan Flynn
3.1 Oxidative Stress-Related PTMs: Oxidation Reactions, 71
3.2 Amino Acid Modification by Oxidation-Produced Electrophiles, 80
3.3 Detection of Oxidative-Stress Related PTMs, 81
3.4 Role of PTMs in Cellular Redox Signaling, 84
4 DNA Oxidation 93
Dessalegn B. Nemera, Amy R. Jones, and Edward J. Merino
4.1 The Context of Cellular DNA Oxidation, 93
4.2 Oxidation of Oligonucleotides, 94
4.3 Examination of Specific Oxidative Lesions, 96
5 Cellular Antioxidants and Phase 2 Proteins 113
Yunbo Li
5.1 Definitions, 113
5.2 Roles in Oxidative Stress, 113
5.3 Molecular Regulation, 117
5.4 Induction in Chemoprevention, 119
5.5 Inactivation, 119
5.6 Conclusions and Perspectives, 121
6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 129
Yeong-Renn Chen and Chwen-Lin Chen
6.1 Mitochondria and Submitochondrial Particles, 129
6.2 Energy Transduction, 131
6.3 Mitochondrial Stress, 132
6.4 Superoxide Anion Radical Generation as Mediated by ΔPH, Δψ, ETC, and Disease Pathogenesis, 133
7 NADPH Oxidases: Structure and Function 147
Mark T. Quinn
7.1 Introduction, 147
7.2 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure, 147
7.3 Phagocyte ROS Production, 152
7.4 Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase Function, 155
7.5 Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidase Structure, 156
7.6 Nonphagocyte ROS Production, 161
7.7 Functions of Nonphagocyte NADPH Oxidases, 162
8 Cell Signaling and Transcription 189
Imran Rehmani, Fange Liu, and Aimin Liu
8.1 Common Mechanisms of Redox Signaling, 189
8.2 Redox and Oxygen-Sensitive Transcription Factors in Prokaryotes, 191
8.4 Oxygen Sensing in Metazoans, 200
8.5 Medical Significance of Redox and Oxygen-Sensing Pathways, 204
9 Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Carcinogenesis 213
Rodrigo Franco, Aracely Garcia-Garcia, Thomas B. Kryston, Alexandros G. Georgakilas, Mihalis I. Panayiotidis, and Aglaia Pappa
9.1 Redox Environment and Cancer, 213
9.2 Oxidative Modifications to Biomolecules and Carcinogenesis, 217
9.3 Measurement of Oxidative DNA Damage in Human Cancer, 223
9.4 Epigenetic Involvement in Oxidative Stress-Induced Carcinogenesis, 223
9.5 Deregulation of Cell Death Pathways by Oxidative Stress in Cancer Progression, 226
10 Neurodegeneration from Drugs and Aging-Derived Free Radicals 247
Annmarie Ramkissoon, Aaron M. Shapiro, Margaret M. Loniewska, and Peter G. Wells
10.1 ROS Formation, 247
10.2 Protection against ROS, 273
10.3 Nrf2 Regulation of Protective Responses, 279
11 Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion 321
Murugesan Velayutham and Jay L. Zweier
11.1 Oxygen in the Heart, 321
11.2 Sources of ROS during Ischemia and Reperfusion, 322
11.3 Modulation of Substrates, Metabolites, and Cofactors during I-R, 326
11.4 ROS-Mediated Cellular Communication during I-R, 328
11.5 ROS and Cell Death during Ischemia and Reperfusion, 329
11.6 Potential Therapeutic Strategies, 330
12 Atherosclerosis: Oxidation Hypothesis 339
Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu, Dmitry Litvinov, Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, and Sampath Parthasarathy
12.1 Lipid Peroxidation, 339
12.2 Oxidation Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis, 340
12.3 Animal Models of Atherosclerosis, 341
12.4 Aldehyde Generation from Peroxidized Lipids, 343
13 Cystic Fibrosis 355
Neal S. Gould and Brian J. Day
13.1 Lung Disease Characteristics in CF, 355
13.2 Role of CFTR in the Lung, 358
13.3 Oxidative Stress in the CFTR-Deficient Lung, 358
13.4 Antioxidant Therapies for CF, 361
14 Cigarette Smoking and Air Pollution 369
Andrew J. Ghio and Urmila Kodavanti
14.1 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke, 369
14.2 Air Pollution Particles, 371
14.3 Ozone, 374
14.4 Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides, 374
14.5 Interaction between PM and Oxidant Gases, 375
14.6 Oxidative Stress and Mechanistic Pathways of Disease After Exposure to Air Pollutants, 375
15 Oxidative Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 381
Peter J. Barnes
15.1 Introduction, 381
15.2 Increased Oxidative Stress in COPD, 382
15.3 Effects of Oxidative Stress in COPD, 384
15.4 Strategies for Reducing Oxidative Stress, 386
15.5 Conclusions 389
16 Oxidative Stress in the Eye 395
Annie K. Ryan, Wade W. Rich, Peter A. Jansen, Megan M. Allyn, Katelyn E. Swindle-Reilly, and Matthew A. Reilly
16.1 Introduction, 395
16.2 The Cornea, 396
16.3 The Lens, 400
16.4 The Vitreous Humor, 403
16.5 The Retina and Optic Nerve, 404
16.6 Therapeutic Approaches to ROS Elevation in the Eye, 407
16.7 Conclusion, 408
17 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 417
Ara Aboolian, Jordan Younes, Alejandra Romero, Jay C. Jha, Karin Jandeleit-Dahm, and Jaroslawna Meister
17.1 Introduction, 417
17.2 Sources of Oxidative Stress in CKD, 419
17.3 Mechanisms by Which Oxidative Stress Contributes to CKD, 421
17.4 Interplay Between Oxidative Stress and Senescence in CKD, 423
17.5 Treatment Options for CKD, 423
18 Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases 437
Rukhsana Sultana, Giovanna Cenini, and D. Allan Butterfield
18.1 Introduction, 437
18.2 Biomarkers of Protein Oxidation/Nitration, 439
18.3 Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation, 441
18.4 Biomarkers of Carbohydrate Oxidation, 444
18.5 Biomarkers of Nucleic Acid Oxidation, 445
19 Cysteinylated Albumin as Oxidative Stress Biomarker and Therapeutic Target 455
Alessandra Altomare, Giulio Vistoli, Cristina Banfi, and Giancarlo Aldini
19.1 Introduction, 455
19.2 Cellular and Extracellular Thiols Distribution, 455
19.3 HSA and CYS34, 456
19.4 CYS34 Reactivity and Reactions, 458
19.5 CYS34 Oxidized Forms in Physio-Pathological Conditions, 460
19.6 Endogenous Regulation of Intracellular and Extracellular Thiol-Redox Homeostasis, 462
19.7 Molecular and Therapeutic Strategies for Reversing Mercaptalbumin from the Oxidized Forms, 462
19.8 Conclusion, 464
20 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids: Formation, Metabolism, Reactivity, and Signaling 469
Martina Steglich, Martín Sosa, Francisco J. Schopfer, and Lucía Turell
20.1 Introduction, 469
20.2 Diet and Fatty Acids, 469
20.3 Nitroalkene Fatty Acids in Vivo Formation, 470
20.4 Metabolism and Distribution, 471
20.5 Reactivity of Nitroalkene Fatty Acids, 472
20.6 Nitroalkylation as A Protein Post-Translational Modification, 473
20.7 Nitrooleic Acid and Disease, 475
20.8 Concluding Remarks, 477
21 Synthetic Antioxidants 483
Grégory Durand
21.1 Endogenous Enzymatic System of Defense, 483
21.2 Metal-Based Synthetic Antioxidants, 484
21.3 Nonmetal-Based Antioxidants, 488
21.4 Nitrones, 495
References, 504
Index 513
